定语从句的英语作文

定语从句是连接简单句、构建复杂句、提升文章逻辑性和语言丰富度的核心语法工具，一篇优秀的英语作文，往往不是简单句的堆砌，而是通过各类从句（尤其是定语从句）将信息有机地组织起来。

下面我将从“为什么用”、“怎么用”、“高级用法”和“实战应用”四个方面,为你全面解析定语从句在英语作文中的运用。

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Part 1: 为什么在英语作文中要用定语从句？

定语从句不仅仅是语法规则，更是提升文章质量的“利器”,它的主要作用体现在：

1. 避免重复，使句子更简洁

   • 错误/啰嗦: I saw a man. He was walking a dog. The dog was very cute.
   • 正确/简洁: I saw a man who was walking a dog which was very cute.
   • 分析：通过定语从句，我们将三个松散的句子合并成一个，信息更紧凑,逻辑关系更清晰。

2. 丰富信息，使描述更具体

   • 简单描述: The book is interesting.
   • 丰富描述: The book that I bought yesterday is interesting.
   • 分析：定语从句 that I bought yesterday 为我们提供了关于“哪本书”的关键信息，使描述更具体、更有画面感。

3. 展现逻辑，使结构更严谨

   
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   • 简单并列: The government has taken measures. These measures aim to protect the environment.
   • 逻辑递进: The government has taken measures which aim to protect the environment.
   • 分析：定语从句清晰地表明了“措施”和“目的”之间的从属关系，使句子结构严谨,逻辑性强。

4. 提升语言层次，彰显语言能力

   在考试（如雅思、托福、四六级）中，能熟练运用多种定语从句的考生，其语言水平会明显高于只使用简单句的考生,这是展示语法功底和思辨能力的重要标志。

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Part 2: 定语从句的基础用法

在深入高级用法前,我们必须牢固掌握基础。

两大类型

• 限制性定语从句:

  
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  • 作用：修饰和限定先行词，提供必要信息，如果去掉,主句意思不明确或改变。
  • 特点：不用逗号与主句隔开。
  • 关系词：who, whom, whose, that, which, where, when。
  • 例句: The student who sits in the front row always answers questions correctly. (坐在前排的那个学生总是能答对问题。)

• 非限制性定语从句:

  • 作用：对先行词进行补充说明，提供额外信息，如果去掉,主句意思仍然完整。
  • 特点：必须用逗号与主句隔开，不能用 that。
  • 关系词：who, whom, whose, which, where, when。
  • 例句: My brother, who is a doctor, lives in Shanghai. (我哥哥是一名医生，他住在上海。)

关系词的选择

这是定语从句的难点也是重点。

关系词	指代先行词	在从句中成分	例句
who	人	主语	The girl who is singing is my sister.
whom	人	宾语	The professor whom we admire gave a lecture.
whose	人/物	定语 (表...的)	The boy whose father is a teacher won the prize.
that	人/物	主语/宾语	The book that you lent me is fascinating.
which	物	主语/宾语	The movie which we watched last night was boring.
where	地点	地点状语	This is the town where I was born.
when	时间	时间状语	I still remember the day when we first met.

注意：

• that 和 which 在指代物且作宾语时，常常可以互换，但在非限制性定语从句中只能用 which。
• 介词后面只能用 which 或 whom (不能用 that)。 the book on which I depend (我依赖的那本书)。

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Part 3: 定语从句的高级用法与技巧

要在作文中脱颖而出，你需要超越基础,掌握这些高级技巧。

“介词 + which/whom” 结构

这是最常见也最实用的高级用法,能极大地提升句式的正式感和复杂性。

• 先行词为物:
  • The environment in which we live is facing serious challenges.
  • (我们生活的环境正面临严峻挑战。)
• 先行词为人:
  • He is the person to whom I should apologize.
  • (他是那个我应该道歉的人。)
• 常用搭配:
  • the reason for which (的原因)
  • the basis on which (的基础)
  • the effect on which (对...的影响)
  • the attitude towards which (对...的态度)

“介词 + which + to do” 结构

这种结构非常简洁，可以用来表达目的、方法等，相当于 in order to do 或 so as to do。

• I need a pen with which to write.
  • = I need a pen to write with.
  • = I need a pen in order to write.
  • (我需要一支笔来写字。)
• He is looking for a platform on which to express his ideas.

  (他正在寻找一个可以表达自己想法的平台。)

“名词/代词 + of which/whom” 结构

当先行词是物，且表示“其中之一”时,这种结构非常地道。

• The company has 50 employees, two thirds of whom are women.

  (这家公司有50名员工，其中三分之二是女性。)

• There are many methods, the most effective of which is this one.

  (有很多种方法，其中最有效的是这一种。)

使用关系副词 where 和 when

当先行词是 situation, case, point, stage, aspect 等抽象名词时，用 where 来引导从句，可以表示“在某种情况下/方面”。

• We have reached a point where we must make a difficult decision.

  (我们已经到了必须做出艰难决定的关头。)

• This is a situation where patience is required.

  (这是一个需要耐心的局面。)

将定语从句融入复合句

不要只在一个孤立的句子里使用定语从句，尝试将它和其他句型结合,创造出更复杂的表达。

• 与状语从句结合:
  • While we were discussing the project, a proposal which was suggested by the new manager was put forward.
  • (在我们讨论项目时，一位新经理提出的建议被提了出来。)
• 与主语从句结合:
  • What impressed me most was the kindness that the locals showed us.
  • (给我留下最深印象的是当地人向我们展示的善良。)

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Part 4: 实战应用——范文分析与仿写

让我们来看一个关于“科技发展”的作文片段,看看如何运用上述技巧。

范文分析

Topic: The Impact of Technology on Modern Society

Original Simple Version (基础版): Technology is changing our lives. It affects how we communicate. It also affects how we work. These changes are both positive and negative. We need to think about the effects of technology.

Advanced Version (高级版): Technology, which has permeated every aspect of our lives, is fundamentally reshaping the way we communicate and work. The changes that it brings about are profound, presenting us with a dual nature of both unprecedented opportunities and potential risks. It is crucial that we develop a critical perspective on which to evaluate its long-term effects.

逐句分析:

1. Technology, which has permeated every aspect of our lives, is fundamentally reshaping the way we communicate and work.

   • 技巧: 非限制性定语从句 which has permeated...。
   • 效果: 补充说明“技术”的普遍性，用逗号隔开，使句子结构优雅，避免了简单句 "Technology is everywhere." 的平淡。

2. The changes that it brings about are profound, presenting us with a dual nature of both unprecedented opportunities and potential risks.

   • 技巧: 限制性定语从句 that it brings about。
   • 效果: 清晰地限定了是“它所带来的”变化，使句子逻辑严谨。presenting us with... 这个现在分词短语作伴随状语，进一步丰富了句子结构，避免了使用 and 进行简单的连接。

3. It is crucial that we develop a critical perspective on which to evaluate its long-term effects.

   • 技巧: “介词 + which + to do” 结构 on which to evaluate。
   • 效果: 这是点睛之笔，它比 we need a perspective to evaluate 更简洁、更正式、更具学术感，完美地表达了“我们需要一个视角来评估”的意思,展现了高超的语言驾驭能力。

仿写练习

Topic: The Importance of Environmental Protection

试着用定语从句改写下面的简单段落：

Original: Protecting the environment is very important. Our planet is our only home. Many species are disappearing. We must take action now. We need to find a solution. This solution can ensure a sustainable future.

仿写思路与参考答案:

1. Protecting the environment... -> 可以用非限制性从句补充说明其重要性。
   • 仿写: Protecting the environment, which is the cornerstone of our survival, has become an urgent global issue.
2. Our planet is our only home. -> 可以和第一句合并。
   • 仿写: Our planet, which is our only home, is now facing severe threats.
3. Many species are disappearing. -> 用定语从句修饰“威胁”。
   • 仿写: Many species that have coexisted with us for millennia are disappearing at an alarming rate.
4. We must take action now. We need to find a solution. -> 可以用“名词 + of which”结构。
   • 仿写: We must take immediate action, the core of which is to find a viable solution.
5. This solution can ensure a sustainable future. -> 用“介词 + which to do”结构。
   • 仿写: We must find a solution on which to build a sustainable future for generations to come.

整合后的高级段落:

Protecting the environment, which is the cornerstone of our survival, has become an urgent global issue. Our planet, which is our only home, is now facing severe threats, as many species that have coexisted with us for millennia are disappearing at an alarming rate. Therefore, we must take immediate action, the core of which is to find a viable solution on which to build a sustainable future for generations to come.

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总结与建议

1. 从模仿开始: 多阅读优秀的范文（如经济学人、卫报等），摘录其中你喜欢的定语从句,分析其结构和用法。
2. 刻意练习: 在平时的写作练习中，有意识地使用定语从句，写完初稿后,回头检查哪些地方可以用定语从句来改进。
3. 先求准确，再求高级: 确保基础的定语从句没有语法错误（如关系词用错、漏掉关系词等）,再尝试使用更复杂的结构。
4. 多样性: 不要在一段话中连续使用多个结构相同的定语从句，要变换句式,让文章读起来更有节奏感。

掌握定语从句，你就掌握了一把打开高分英语作文大门的钥匙,祝你写作进步！